The participants had no other task than attending to the stimuli and indicating the end of each trial by pressing a button. In the fourth phase participants either viewed flashes paired with the auditory stimulus (maintenance, CS-) or viewed the visual stimulus in isolation (extinction, CS+) according to a 5:10 partial reinforcement schedule. In the third (conditioning) phase we coincidently presented the visual stimulus (CS) paired with the auditory stimulus (UCS). In the second (auditory control) habituation phase they heard brief telephone ringing. In the first (visual control) habituation phase they were presented with briefly red flashing visual stimuli. To address this issue fifteen healthy participants partook in a "silent" sparse temporal event-related fMRI study. Recent findings of a tight coupling between visual and auditory association cortices during multisensory perception in monkeys and humans raise the question whether consistent paired presentation of simple visual and auditory stimuli prompts conditioned responses in unimodal auditory regions or multimodal association cortex once visual stimuli are presented in isolation in a post-conditioning run.
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